The Senate also blamed the Saudi crown prince for the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, a US resident.
Saudi Arabia described the vote as "interference" based on "untrue allegations".
Thursday's Senate resolution was mostly symbolic and is unlikely to become law.
However, it is seen as a rebuke to Donald Trump's Saudi policies.
It was the first time a chamber of the US Congress had agreed to pull US forces from a military conflict under the 1973 War Powers Act.
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