The decision comes 14 months after the tech giant kicked off a continent-wide competition by announcing a search for a "second headquarters" location.
The contest drew 238 bids, as local officials leapt at the chance to land a potentially transformative investment.
The three locations could create some 55,000 jobs in the next two decades.
Amazon said it expected to invest about $2.5bn each in New York and Arlington, where the offices are planned to host more than 25,000 "high-paying jobs".
It said Nashville, Tennessee would become Amazon's new East Coast hub of operations, creating another 5,000 positions.
In exchange, the e-commerce giant is due to receive more than $2bn (£1.9bn) worth in tax benefits and other incentives from the state and local governments.
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